It would be useful to know more about your application -- how big are the datagrams, and what precision is required?
You shouldn't need something as big/expensive as an Arduino -- any AVR should be able to buffer enough bytes to compensate for the non-real-time nature of Linux. You could easily stick a socket for an DIP-8 AVR in the proto area on the development board.
Alternatively, why doesn't someone integrate RTAI (
https://www.rtai.org/) with the Carambola WRT fork?
This might be a good starting point:
https://github.com/bifferos/openwrt